Discapacidad, actividad física y salud: modelos conceptuales e implicaciones prácticas (Disability, physical activity and health: conceptual models and practical implications)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v15i45.1517Palabras clave:
Salud pública, ejercicio, deporte adaptado, discapacidad (Public health, exercise, adapted sport, disability)Resumen
La promoción de la actividad física para la salud en personas con discapacidad debe respaldarse en una base teórica para ser efectiva. Entre otras cosas, los profesionales deben tomar decisiones informadas sobre qué modelos conceptuales de la discapacidad y la salud adoptar, ya que estos tendrán una gran influencia sobre cómo se diseñan, implementan y evalúan los programas de promoción. El presente trabajo expone tres modelos conceptuales de la discapacidad: el médico, el social y el social-relacional. Se describen sus características básicas y la concepción de la salud que llevan asociada. Asimismo, se plantean las principales críticas que han recibido los dos primeros y sus limitaciones para la promoción de la salud y la actividad física en personas con discapacidad. Por último, se propone un enfoque multidimensional para la promoción de estilos de vida activos, basado en el diálogo entre el modelo social-relacional de la discapacidad y el modelo socio-ecológico de promoción de la salud. Por todo ello, este artículo constituye un recurso de gran utilidad para los profesionales de la actividad física que trabajan para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de las personas con discapacidad.
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Effective physical activity promotion toward improving the health of people with disabilities requires conceptual basis. Among other things, professionals need to make informed decisions about which conceptual models of disability and health they adopt, since these will have influence over how promotion programs are designed, implemented and evaluated. The present article introduces three models of disability: the medical, the social and the social relational. Their central tenets and their associated conceptions of health are umpacked. The criticisims that the medical and social models have received are also highlighted, as well as their limitations to promote physical activity. Finally, a multidimensional approach to promoting healthy lifestyles that brings together the social relational model of disability and the social ecological model of health promotion is suggested. Therefore, this article constitutes a useful resource for physical activity professionals working to enhance the health and wellbeing of people with disabilities.
Citas
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