Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte

Motivational effects after applying permanent and rotating roles through Sport Education model in Physical Education

jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Introduction: Most of the Sport Education model’ nonnegotiable features have been explored. Research focused
on roles (e.g., student-coach) has examined its specific learning processes, but there is scant evidence about its
rotation/non-rotation dynamics. Purpose: Applying the Sport Education model, this study assesses the impact of
roles’ dynamics (permanent or rotation) on adolescents’ motivational variables (achievement goals, basic
psychological needs and motivational regulations) and friendship goals, in a socially vulnerable context. Methods: A
quasi-experimental, simple crossover design with repeated measures (PreT-Post1-Post2) is carried out. Following Sport
Education features, two invasion games-units (12 lessons each; basketball and floorball, respectively) were applied.
96 students (boys, n = 53, Mage = 12.13; SD = .79; girls, n = 43, Mage = 12.23; SD = .87) belonged to five intact groups in
grade 7 from a high-school take part in this study. These groups are distributed on two experimental groups (GE-1,
n = 43; and GE-2, n = 53). Data is collected by questionnaires (students’ perspective) and semi-structured interviews
(teacher’s perspective). Results: Overall, permanent roles have a significant impact on achievement goals (e.g.,
increase on self-approach) and friendship goals, whereas rotating roles only produces improvements on amotivation.
Taking sex into account, both permanent and rotating roles cause improvements on boys’ novelty and competence,
respectively. Likewise, both dynamics provoke adverse effects, more substantial on girls. In this way, permanent
roles evoke significant increase on girls’ external and introjected regulations, whereas rotating roles lead to both
lower intrinsic motivation and higher amotivation on girls. Conclusions: Given the positive impact regardless of gender,
taking permanent roles seems to be more appropriate when dealing with socially vulnerable contexts as well as
students with no experience with Sport Education model. Content selection and social system are thought to be two
plausible explanations for adverse effects.

Effect of the type of motor interaction required by the game on emotional behaviour in Physical Education classes

Nuria Lorente Sanz, Álvaro Díaz Aroca, Verónica Alcaraz-Muñoz — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Physical Education is the area where the pupil develops their motor conduct by meeting four levels, which should
be worked on the same way with the objective to obtain a pedagogical success within them. This pedagogical
success will be acquired in the moment in which the motor, cognitive, social and affective levels are worked on in a
complementary way. Emotions claim special importance in this area by the fast experience of them in any motor
situation, especially in traditional sport game where anything changes any aspect of the internal logic, it can
cause the experimentation of one type of emotion or another. The aim of this study was to analyze the emotional
intensity of positive and negative emotions experienced by pupils of Primary Education in three different social motor
games. Moreover, the emotional intensity was analysed in terms of each of the roles experienced in a socio-motor
game. The study was made of 47 pupils of year three of Primary School in a school centre where they filled two
instruments (GES-C and emotional experience in the roles) which reflected greater expressions of positive emotions
against negative ones.

Comparative study of the force-velocity profile with different starting positions of the vertical jump in dance

Adriana Vieiro-Pérez, Salvador Romero-Arenas — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile during the jump
starting from the en dehors position versus the parallel position in students of the university degree in Dance. The
sample consisted of 22 dancers with 10.7±5.96 years of experience. A vertical jump test was performed in which
each participant performed eight jumps with progressive increases in load, alternating the positions of feet in
dehors and in parallel. All the jumps were recorded with an iPad at 240 Hz, and later analyzed with the application
for iOS MyJump2. The following variables were analyzed: jump height, maximum theoretical force, maximum
theoretical velocity, maximum power, and force-velocity profile. The results showed a difference between the
jump height starting from the en dehors position versus the parallel position (en dehors: 18.8±3.44 vs parallel:
20.3±3.57 cm; p=0.002). The analysis of the force-velocity profile showed a force deficit in both situations, being
more accentuated when the jump was executed from a starting position en dehors (en dehors: 43.0±46.24 vs
parallel: 70.9±21.21%; p=0.022). The individualization of training programs focused on reducing the imbalance
of each dancer and in each position, could help dancers to improve the height of the jump and therefore the
performance of the dance.

Functional evaluation of physical exercise performed on vibrating platforms

jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The use of machines that employ mechanical vibrations that transmit stimuli to the whole body through a gravitational
load to the neuromuscular system increases muscular grip strength and body balance. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was
evaluated using mechanical vibration platforms in healthy individuals to check their caloric expenditure compared
to other forms of physical exercise and to determine its impact on the control of body overweight. 42 men aged
20.28 ± 2.9 years, height 171.35 ± 7.01 cm, weight 67.47 ± 8.75 kg were measured. The Modified Bruce test was
applied to assess VO2 max and a Bioshaker® Compact® model vibrating platform. Each subject remained for15
min in a static position at a vibration of 2,500 cycles per minute, recording VO2 at 5, 10 and 15 min of the test.
VO2 max. it was 3.01 ± 0.4 L/min, while on the vibrating platform it was 1.03 ± 0.33. The use of vibration platforms
generates limited energy expenditure to create significant changes in body weight and consumption of fatty acids to
produce energy.

Motor development according to nutritional status in preschoolers

jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The objective of the study was to compare motor development according to nutritional status in children
aged 3 to 5 belonging to “JUNJI” nursery schools from Valparaíso, Chile. It is a descriptive study with a nonprobabilistic
sample for convenience, composed of 136 preschoolers (girls n=70 and boys n=66) with a mean age of 3.67 ± 0.40 years. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on the formula extracted from weight and height, expressed in kg/m2 and nutritional status was classified based on international indications described by the World Health Organization (WHO). Motor development was identified and classified with the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). A comparative analysis was performed according to gender and nutritional status. Preschoolers tested mainly
between the levels of motor development “very poor”, “poor”, “low average” and “average”. No preschooler was
placed at the “very high” level. No significant differences were found according to gender and nutritional status
for the motor development variable. Girls in overweight/obesity categories showed a lower motor development
than girls in low weight/normal weight categories, a situation that was not shown among boys.

English Changes in the characteristic of dietary and lifestyle during Covid-19 lockdown in different countries: A systematic review

JIAXIN LI — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Due to the covid-19 pandemic, governments were forced to adopt lockdown policies to effectively control
the pandemic. These restrictions increased anxiety, depression, and lifestyle changes. This systematic
review aims to analyze changes in dietary patterns in the worldwide population during the COVID-19 lockdown.
11 studies were selected from the 1412 founds after searching in three databases. Searching keywords were:
“Change dietary”, “COVID-19 dietary” “Confinement dietary”. Inclusion criteria were: studies that collected
people’s dietary patterns during the COVID-19 lockdown and recorded the consumption of food groups and the
variations in lifestyle habits. This research found that people increased their consumption of food. People
increased their sedentary hours, slept more but exercised less, leading to gain weight during the lockdown, as well
as a poorer sleeping quality and higher anxiety levels

How are goals born? External and internal factors in European soccer

José M. Lavín, Álvaro Jiménez Sánchez, Aser Falagán-Madrazo — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

This research studied by means of linear regression models which factors that most influence the achievement
of points and goals in eight European leagues in the 2019-2020 season. In order to analyse the points
obtained, external variables such as budget, stadium attendance, squad experience, fair play, or whether the
players are foreign, national, home-grown or belong to an international team, were taken into account. For the
goals, internal or match-specific variables such as shots, scoring chances, corner kicks, number of cards, faults,
ball possession, dribbles, tackles, presence or absence of crowd and the pitch factor, were used. The results revealed
the importance of budget and fair play, as well as scoring chances and shots. The presence of the public and the
pitch factor had hardly any influence. The external factors show regression models with an adjusted R2 between
0.508 and 0.916, while in the case of internal factors range between 0.289 and 0.464. The data may be of relevance
for improving transfer investment strategies, as well as for increasing the performance of training sessions, tactics and
line-ups.

Influence of the play score on external load parameters in men´s and women´s professional padel

jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the game and set score on game volume and intensity
parameters in professional padel. A total of 3241 points (1639 for women and 1602 for men) corresponding to
22 matches of the 2020 season of the World Padel Tour professional circuit were analysed through systematic
observation. The results showed a longer playing time (p <.001), number of lobs (p <.001) and less intensity of
the game (p <.001) in female padel. These differences still exist depending on the point and game number. In
addition, the playing time, rest time, number of shots per point and number of lobs is significantly higher in golden
points compared to the rest of the points (p = .000), with no differences depending on the number of games. In
conclusion, during golden points, there is a higher point duration and a higher number of lobs comparing with the
rest of the points, both in the male and female categories, not observing changes in the intensity of the game.

Identifying talent in football players

David Macías García, Ignacio González López — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Identifying the elements that define a talented football player has been and is still the subject of numerous
scientific papers. However, in terms of the role played by the coach in identifying and developing player talent, very
few studies have been found. Based on these premises, the paper presented here aims to establish, from an
empirical perspective, the elements that condition and define a talented footballer player based on the opinion
of the coach. Using a non-experimental, descriptive, empirical research design, an evaluation questionnaire
was prepared and sent to a total of 890 coaches and trainers affiliated to the Football Federation of Andalusia.
The results obtained classify the traits of talented football players into the following factors: physical-environmental
conditioning factors, interpersonal relations, personality factors, teamwork competencies, decision-making, tacticaltechnical abilities, and expectations of success.

Autonomy at work as a predictor of hardy personality and motivation in sport facilitators

Alberto Blázquez Manzano, Sebastián Feu Molina, Juana María Gutiérrez Caballero — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

This paper studies the predictive capacity of autonomy at work and the hardy personality of sports professionals
on their motivation-effort. The sample is made up of 112 sports facilitators from Extremadura. The Occupational
Resilience Questionnaire and the Multidimensional Organisational Climate Scale are used. The results show that the autonomy factor does not correlate equally strongly with the different components of the hardy personality. Thus, the level of strength in the relationship is as follows: control (β = .49) and challenge (β = .32) and commitment (β
= .04). However, the latter factor, commitment, is the strongest predictor of motivation and effort (β = .69).
The coefficient of determination (R2 = .54) indicates that autonomy and hardy personality predict 54% of
the variance of engagement. And with respect to the autonomy-hardy personality-motivation and effort
model, its level of prediction is 24% (R2 = .24). Finally, it should be noted that the autonomy variable offers its
strongest predictive influence on motivation and effort, when it does so through the control and commitment
factor of the resistant personality. It is concluded that autonomy does not equally influence hardy personality
and thus motivation and effort.

Assessing fat mass from a body composition perspective: a critical review

Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal — jue, 01 jun 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The estimation of fat mass and fat percentage has been used both in the field of health, due to its relationship
with various diseases; and in sport, due to its relationship with sports performance. However, the advantages and
disadvantages of the different methods of estimating body composition are rarely taken into consideration when
evaluating this parameter, including dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA); hydrodensitometry; air
displacement plestimography; electrical bioimpedance; anthropometry; 2D/3D/4D scanning and ultrasound, as well
as whether they are indirect or dual indirect methods. Nor do most studies and evaluations take into consideration
the different models from which body composition can be approached, with methods that use a chemical, molecular,
cellular, tissue or segmental approach, the most commonly used being the molecular and tissue models. All this leads
to the fact that the different methods can be used to estimate adipose mass, fat mass and lipid mass. Although
these concepts have been treated as synonyms, there are differences among them that are addressed in this article,
as well as what the different assessment methods estimate: lipid mass or adipose mass. It concludes with the practical
implications of all the above for fat mass estimation.